International Journal of Advanced Research
International Journal of Advanced Research is a multidisciplinary, open-access, quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed publication. The Journal undertakes to complete the double-blind peer-review process within one (01) month of submission and to duly notify the author(s) of the decision. The Editorial Board, while maintaining academic rigor and integrity, endeavors to provide timely and constructive feedback within the stipulated period, thereby ensuring an efficient and transparent publication process. The Journal is published under the auspices of the Institute for Excellence in Education and Research (IEER), a legal entity duly incorporated and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration No. 0224595.
Institute for Excellence in Education and Research
JOB SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATOR IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABUSIVE SUPERVISION AND PARAMEDICS’ WELL-BEING
This study examines the relationship between abusive supervision and paramedics’ well-being, with a particular focus on the mediating role of job satisfaction, and also explores gender differences among paramedics. Given the hierarchical nature of healthcare organizations and the emotionally demanding aspects of paramedical work, understanding these dynamics in culturally specific contexts, such as Pakistan, is critical. A correlational research design was employed, using purposive sampling to include 154 male and 146 female paramedics aged 25–50 years. Data were collected using the Abusive Supervision Scale, the BBC Well-being Scale, and the Job Satisfaction Scale. Findings revealed a strong negative relationship between abusive supervision and paramedics’ physical and psychological well-being, which was mediated by job satisfaction. Specifically, higher levels of abusive supervision were associated with lower job satisfaction, resulting in reduced psychological and physical well-being. Independent t-tests indicated no significant gender differences in abusive supervision or job satisfaction; however, male paramedics reported significantly higher psychological (p = .040) and overall well-being (p = .016) compared to females. These results suggest that workplace stressors affecting well-being are shaped by gender-specific experiences and societal expectations. The study highlights the detrimental impact of abusive supervision on paramedics’ health and identifies job satisfaction as a protective factor, consistent with Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. The findings underscore the importance of leadership reform, supervisor accountability, staff well-being initiatives, and gender-inclusive support systems in Pakistani healthcare settings, offering valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare leaders.
EVALUATING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES USING PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS
This study examines the effectiveness of parametric and non-parametric methods in analyzing academic performance differences based on gender and study time, with GPA as the outcome measure. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were employed alongside Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Descriptive analysis revealed that female students and those studying more than two hours daily tended to have slightly higher GPAs. Assumption tests confirmed normality and homogeneity of variances, supporting the appropriateness of parametric techniques. While no statistically significant differences were observed, both parametric and non-parametric methods consistently indicated a positive relationship between study time and GPA. These findings demonstrate methodological consistency across statistical approaches and highlight the practical importance of study habits in influencing academic performance, even when statistical significance is not evident.
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE METRICS ON BUSINESS SUCCESS
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), an environmentally conscious approach to traditional supply chain management (SCM), is gaining increasing attention in developing countries. This growth is driven by its recognized benefits for both the environment and the economy, alongside heightened awareness of environmental sustainability. Organizations are increasingly striving to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable practices. This study investigates the impact of implementing GSCM on environmental performance (EP), operational performance (OP), market performance (MP), and overall business performance in the context of a developing country, specifically Pakistan. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered to 101 supply chain professionals working in manufacturing companies. The conceptual framework was developed based on a review of existing literature, and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses. Findings indicate that while GSCM positively influences overall business performance, this effect was not statistically significant. However, significant positive impacts were observed on market performance, environmental performance, and operational performance. These results suggest that improvements in MP, EP, and OP through GSCM practices present opportunities to enhance overall business performance. In the context of a developing country like Pakistan, this research contributes to the literature by exploring how GSCM affects key performance dimensions and overall business outcomes. The findings offer valuable insights for supply chain professionals aiming to implement sustainable practices and provide policy recommendations for organizations seeking to advance their GSCM initiatives.
ENHANCING HOSPITAL EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING PATIENT WAITING TIMES THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
This policy paper proposes a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as an effective model to address the critical challenges facing healthcare in Karachi. Public hospitals in the city experience severe overcrowding, often exceeding 120% occupancy, while trust-based healthcare facilities remain underutilized, with occupancy rates below 75%. To address this imbalance, the paper advocates an integrative model that redistributes patient loads, enhances operational efficiency, and ensures equitable access to healthcare services. Drawing on successful PPP experiences from countries such as Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the paper outlines a three-step implementation plan: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scale-up, supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring systems. Key themes emerging from stakeholder interviews include operational feasibility, financial incentives, public-private coordination, quality assurance, and regulatory support. The proposed model seeks to optimize existing healthcare infrastructure, reduce patient turnaround times, and promote inclusive and sustainable services for marginalized communities. If implemented effectively, this initiative could serve as a replicable model for other high-density cities in the Global South.
AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHERS’ COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS AS A DETERMINANT OF EFFECTIVE SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
Teachers are key stakeholders in the education sector, entrusted with responsibilities encompassing teaching, leadership, and school management. This study examined the role of teachers’ collaboration in promoting effective management of secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The objectives were to identify the impact of teachers’ collaboration on school management and to propose strategies for enhancing collaborative practices among school staff. A quantitative research design was employed, targeting a population of 3,419 secondary school teachers, from which a sample of 346 was selected through simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was developed, validated, and piloted for data collection. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and the data were analyzed using mean scores, standard deviations, and chi-square tests. Findings indicated that teachers actively collaborate in managing academics, co-curricular activities, and school finances; overseeing material and human resources; maintaining school hygiene; and responding to emergencies. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted professional development programs for both teachers and school heads to strengthen collaborative practices and enhance the management of secondary schools.
APPRAISAL OF INFORMAL JUSTICE: DISPUTE RESOLUTION COUNCILS IN CHARSADDA AND NOWSHERA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
This study appraises the effectiveness of informal justice mechanisms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by examining Dispute Resolution Councils (DRCs) in Nowshera and Charsadda districts. It assesses the intervention level of these councils as alternative justice systems and identifies gaps and areas for improving access to justice. Using Restorative Justice Theory, the study argues that informal mechanisms in traditional societies focus on repairing harm, restoring relationships, and reintegrating offenders and victims within their communities
Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model
WORK-RELATED FLOW, PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL, AND ENGAGEMENT AMONG NON-PROFIT VOLUNTEERS: A GENDER-BASED STUDY
This study examines the relationships between psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement among volunteers in non-profit organizations (NPOs), with a focus on gender differences. Psychological capital encompasses self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience; work-related flow refers to deep immersion and enjoyment in work; and work engagement is a positive, fulfilling work mindset. Using a quantitative, correlational design, data were collected from 155 volunteers across various Pakistani NPOs through self-report questionnaires, grounded in the Job Demands-Resources (JDR) model. Results show significant positive correlations among psychological capital, work-related flow, and work engagement. Gender analysis revealed that females reported higher work-related flow and engagement, while psychological capital showed no significant gender difference. This research contributes to understanding volunteer dynamics and supports the development of gender-sensitive policies to enhance volunteering efforts. Limitations include a relatively small sample size, suggesting future longitudinal and qualitative studies to expand these findings.
ASSESSMENT OF EXHAUST VALVE DEBRIS FROM GREEN FUEL COMBUSTION
Used cooking oil (UCO) has shown promise as a short-term alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. To evaluate its long-term effects, this study conducted an endurance test using diesel-UCO blends. Results showed minimal wear on the engine head’s working surface. Among the tested blends, DF60UCO20Pn20—with the lowest cetane number and highest oxygen content—exhibited the shortest combustion time and longest ignition delay. Engine head and exhaust valve deposits were analyzed and compared to those from emulsion fuels. Visual inspection revealed deposits across all fuels, while SEM and EDS analysis showed that DF95UCO5 produced more carbon buildup than both DF60UCO20Pn20 and pure diesel.
AI IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
This study examines the relationships among key AI variables—adoption, ethics, governance, and AI-driven decision-making—and their impact on public administration. A survey of 300 participants, including policymakers, public administrators, and technology experts, was conducted to assess attitudes toward AI. Statistical analyses (correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA) revealed notable gender differences, with males showing more favorable views of AI. Perceptions also varied by professional role, with policymakers expressing greater support for AI adoption and ethics than other groups. The findings highlight the need for ethical frameworks, transparency, and capacity-building to address bias and fairness in AI implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing responsible AI integration and the importance of equipping public administrators with the necessary skills to manage AI technologies effectively.
Artificial Intelligence, Public Administration, AI Adoption, Governance, Ethics, Decision-Making, Gender Differences, Professional Roles, AI Ethics, Capacity Building, Transparency, AI Impact
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON NATIVE AMPHIBIAN BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL
Background: Amphibians face increasing threats from pollution, habitat fragmentation, temperature shifts, and invasive species, all of which significantly affect their behavior, survival, and ecosystems—contributing to global population declines. Objective: This study examines how seasonal changes influence behavior, survival, and physiological responses of various amphibian species exposed to specific environmental stressors in their natural habitats. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative data (e.g., activity levels, mating calls, foraging, survival rates) and qualitative field observations. Data from four species under different stressors were analyzed using ANOVA and survival analysis. Results: Frog Species A: Temperature stress reduced activity (35 movements/day) and mating calls (8 calls/hour; p = 0.03). Toad Species B: Mud pollution significantly lowered call rate (5 calls/hour; p = 0.01). Salamander C vs. N: C was more active in fragmented habitats (40 vs. 24.7 movements/day) with lower mortality (10%; p = 0.02). Frog Species D: Invasive species presence increased activity and calls, but decreased foraging rates. Pollution markers were linked to reduced physiological function. Conclusion: Environmental stressors significantly impact amphibian behavior and health, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation and habitat protection strategies.
ADVANCING BIM ADOPTION IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has transformed global construction by improving efficiency, coordination, and decision-making. However, its adoption in Pakistan remains limited due to persistent challenges. This study identifies key barriers to BIM implementation and proposes practical solutions tailored to the local context. A literature review and frequency-based analysis revealed eight major challenges, which were further explored through semi-structured interviews with BIM professionals in Pakistan. The resulting insights informed actionable guidelines to address these barriers. The findings aim to support effective BIM adoption, enhance project delivery, reduce delays, and control costs, contributing to the broader application of BIM in developing countries.
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ICT USE IN SCHOOLS
The integration of ICT in education is key to enhancing teaching and learning. This study examines the perceptions of 350 school teachers in Lahore, from both public and private institutions, using a structured questionnaire. It explores their attitudes, perceived usefulness, challenges, and readiness toward ICT use. Findings show notable differences based on school type and demographics, highlighting both opportunities and barriers. The study recommends targeted training and policy support to promote effective ICT adoption in schools.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESP SYLLABI FOR BUSINESS GRADUATES: A CASE STUDY AT IBA, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB (2024)
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) aims to address the linguistic needs of learners within their academic and professional contexts. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the 2024 ESP syllabus for business students at the Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Using a mixed-methods approach, it examines student and teacher perceptions, skill development, and curriculum design. Results reveal a disconnect between learner needs and course delivery, with reading and vocabulary identified as key areas requiring improvement, while speaking and comprehension skills showed moderate proficiency. The study recommends task-based learning, needs-based curriculum reform, and the use of formative assessment rubrics to enhance syllabus effectiveness
This study investigates the types and frequency of linguistic errors commonly made by 10th grade ESL learners. Using a quantitative approach, written test data were analyzed based on Gass and Selinker’s (2008) error analysis model. Findings reveal that students frequently struggle with vocabulary, grammar, structure, and composition, with vocabulary and grammar errors occurring most often. Many learners rely on rote memorization rather than a conceptual understanding of English. Additionally, a lack of ESL-specific teacher training contributes to persistent language difficulties. The analysis also highlights a significant performance gap among students from government schools, who tend to make more writing errors, indicating systemic instructional shortcomings.
THE IMPACT OF ASMR VIDEOS ON ANXIETY LEVELS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a sensory phenomenon marked by tingling sensations triggered by specific auditory or visual stimuli, such as whispering and tapping. This study examines the potential of ASMR videos to reduce anxiety among university students, a group often affected by academic stress and life transitions. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 150 students (aged 18–25) through structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses—including correlation, regression, and ANOVA—revealed a strong negative correlation between ASMR video engagement and anxiety levels (r = 0.852, p < .01). Gender-based analysis showed that females (r = 0.884) reported greater anxiety reduction than males (r = 0.828). Whispering and tapping were identified as the most effective triggers, while visual preferences varied by culture. The findings suggest that ASMR videos may serve as a cost-effective, accessible non-pharmacological intervention for anxiety management in university populations. Future research should explore long-term effects, expand demographic scope, and incorporate objective physiological measures.
EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
This study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological empowerment—defined respectively as present-moment awareness and a sense of meaning, competence, autonomy, and impact. While mindfulness is often linked to improved self-awareness and emotional regulation, correlation analysis in this research found no significant association between mindfulness and psychological empowerment (r = -0.021, p = .801). Similar negligible correlations were observed across gender groups. Data were collected using standardized surveys and analyzed quantitatively. These findings suggest that mindfulness alone may not directly influence psychological empowerment, pointing to the need for further research into other contributing or mediating factors. Future studies should explore longitudinal patterns and contextual variables to better understand the dynamics between mindfulness and empowerment.
EVALUATING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON OF PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL METHODS
This study compares parametric and non-parametric tests in analyzing academic performance differences by gender and study time, using GPA as the measure. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were conducted alongside Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results showed female students and those studying over two hours daily had slightly higher GPAs. Normality and homogeneity assumptions supported the use of parametric methods. Although differences were not statistically significant, both test types consistently indicated a positive relationship between study time and GPA. The findings demonstrate methodological consistency and highlight the practical impact of study habits on academic performance.
IMPACT OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN AND PERFORMANCE METRICS ON OVERALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is gaining traction in developing countries like Pakistan due to its environmental and economic benefits. This study examines the impact of GSCM on environmental performance (EP), operational performance (OP), market performance (MP), and overall business performance in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from 101 supply chain professionals and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that while GSCM positively influences EP, OP, and MP, its direct impact on overall business performance is not statistically significant. However, improvements in EP, OP, and MP can enhance business outcomes indirectly. The study contributes to the understanding of GSCM’s role in performance improvement and offers practical and policy insights for firms seeking sustainable supply chain strategies in developing economies.
Market performance Environmental performance and Business performance.
REDUCING HOSPITAL WAITING TIMES AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
This policy paper proposes a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model to address severe overcrowding in Lahore’s public hospitals and the underutilization of trust-based healthcare facilities. With public hospital occupancy exceeding 120% and trust hospitals operating below 75%, an integrated approach is recommended to redistribute patient loads, improve efficiency, and ensure equitable access to care. Drawing on successful PPP models from Kenya, Lesotho, and Sri Lanka, the paper outlines a three-phase implementation plan: stakeholder engagement, pilot testing, and scale-up—supported by digital integration and real-time monitoring. Key considerations from stakeholder consultations include operational feasibility, financial incentives, public-private coordination, quality assurance, and regulatory support. This model seeks to optimize existing infrastructure, reduce waiting times, and provide inclusive, sustainable healthcare—offering a scalable solution for other high-density cities in the Global South.
TEACHERS’ COLLABORATION AND SCHOOL MANAGEMENT: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL GOVERNANCE
Teachers play a vital role in education, contributing to teaching, leadership, and school management. This study investigated teachers’ collaboration in managing secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It aimed to identify the role of teacher collaboration in school management and suggest strategies to enhance it. A quantitative design was used, with data collected from a randomly selected sample of 346 secondary school teachers out of a population of 3,419. A validated questionnaire was administered, and data were analyzed using mean scores, standard deviations, and chi-square tests. Findings revealed that teachers collaborate in managing academics, co-curricular activities, finances, resources, hygiene, and emergencies. The study recommends professional development programs to strengthen collaborative practices among teachers and school heads.
A SOCIO-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF BACON’S ‘OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE
This study applies Teun A. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to Francis Bacon’s essay Of Marriage and Single Life, revealing the ideological underpinnings of Renaissance views on individualism, gender roles, and societal norms. Analyzing the text at the micro, meso, and macro levels, the research uncovers how Bacon’s language choices and rhetorical strategies reflect and reinforce patriarchal ideologies. At the micro level, lexical patterns and pragmatics shape readers’ mental models; the meso level highlights how discourse structure supports Bacon’s arguments; and the macro level connects the essay to broader cultural ideals of marriage and success. Drawing links to modern gender studies, this paper emphasizes the enduring impact of historical discourse on contemporary understandings of gender and individual identity, offering deeper insight into the interplay between language, cognition, and society.